Achondroplasia essays

Achondroplasia papers Achondroplasia is an autosomal predominant characteristic, be that as it may, it has a high unconstrained pace of change (about 90%). It is the outcome from a solitary point transformation in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3). In 97% of the patients, there is a Glycine to Arginine replacement at position 380 (likewise G380R and Gly380Arg) inside the FGFR-3 transmembrane space, coming about because of a G to A point change at nucleotide 1138. FGFR-3 is a negative controller of bone development. Authoritative of fibroblast development elements to the FGFR-3 receptor invigorates its tyrosine kinase movement in the cell, which prompts receptor over-initiation. This FGF receptor is communicated by chondrocytes (Mature ligament cells inserted in lacunae inside the ligament network) in the development plate of growing long bones. Tyrosine kinase initiates a sign transduction pathway that controls enchondral hardening (arrangement of bone from cartilaginous tissue) by both repressi ng cell division and invigorating cell development and separation. Transformations in the FGFR-3 quality offer ascent to initiation of the receptor without development factors, therefore causing irregular long bone turn of events. FGFR-3 changes can be deciphered as increase of-work transformations that enact the generally negative development control applied by the FGFR-3 pathway. Position and kind of change in the FGFR-3 quality decide the degree of over-enactment and in this manner the seriousness of the skeletal variation from the norm. Homozygous achondroplasia, brought about by the nearness of two freak alleles at nucleotide 1138 of the FGFR3 quality, is a serious issue with radiological changes subjectively not quite the same as those of achondroplasia. Early demise results from respiratory deficiency because of the little thoracic enclosure and neurological shortfall from spinal stenosis. The 4.4kb cDNA contains an open perusing casing of 2520 nucleotides, encoding a 840 buildup protein. The open perusing outline was trailed by a 3' untranslated ... <!

Why Planning Is Necessary. :: essays research papers

Adding a Town Planner to Your Staff Arranging in any town is a significant piece of the development, improvement and maintainability of the residents and organizations in that town. I accept that your town chamber could enormously profit by adding an organizer to your staff. Arranging recommends a deliberate endeavor to shape what's to come. It endeavors to connect logical and specialized information to activities in the open area, and procedures of cultural direction and of social change. Arranging involves settling on choices and advising activities in manners that are socially discerning. Arranging fills an open or general need, for example, guaranteeing the soundness and development of the economy; undertaking chosen open speculations and, without private division enthusiasm, initiating wanted activities on part of the private segment through different types of endowment; limiting private area activities to defend the prosperity of the populace everywhere; redistributing salary on grounds of value; securing people and organizations against the vulnerabilities of the market, etc. The arranging procedure should ceaselessly seek after and dependably serve the open intrigue. Why is arranging important? 1. To manage the general monetary steadiness and development in a network - accomplish a reasonable and alluring area use design - safeguarding or improving what all prepared exists - empower financial turn of events 2. To offer open types of assistance to meet the general needs of the network - area of open offices - ensure that all are presented with sufficient amphibians, water, and sewer offices - secure the overall population wellbeing; limiting dangers to human wellbeing and life 3. To secure the earth - control and oversee advancement to limit natural harm - securing or creating land for parks or open space; accomplishing tasteful and recreational objectives - protecting assets for sometime later - sparing nonrenewable vitality sources The Origins of Planning Before the American Revolution districts named solid forces to control land use, hence molding their own types of â€Å"planning.† These forces came out of an European convention that regarded the town or town as an autonomous company, which may claim, control, or discard the greater part of the land inside its limits. Numerous U.S. networks began as awards to people or gatherings, which at that point, by ethicalness of the award, had the ability to discard land inside their fringes. In this way frontier towns had impressive forces to shape their example of improvement. Obviously, the Revolution finished the act of making regions through the system of regal awards to people. Progressively significant, it put the majority of political force in the hands of the states.

Advantage And Disadvantages Of Fixed Wings Engineering Essay

Bit of leeway And Disadvantages Of Fixed Wings Engineering Essay Law authorization organizations have used fixed wing and rotor wing airplanes to help uphold laws since the 1920s. This paper will examine the preferences and drawbacks of fixed wing and rotor wing airplanes. Investigate a portion of the missions and specialized types of gear that are used by law authorization organizations. Glance inside and out at two of their fix wing airplanes used and how rotor wing airplanes help spare lives and uphold the law. Since 1920, law authorization organizations have utilized fixed wing and rotor wing airplanes to help with upholding the law. In 2007, information from the Bureau of Justice Statistics demonstrated that huge law authorization offices gave flying requirement in the District of Columbia and 46 states. There were 295 planes and 604 helicopters being worked, which flew in excess of 330,000 missions. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/bar/pdf/aullea07.pdf The sorts of plane that are being used by law implementation are Cessna 182, Cessna 206, Pilatus PC-12 Specters, P-3 Orions, Citations, Learjets, Gulfstream planes, King Air 350s and 200s and some bigger carrier type airplane. A portion of the helicopters are the American Euro-copter EC120/130/145, AStar AS350/355N/350 B2, Dolphin HH-65C, Blackhawk UH-60, Maverick, Raven II R44, Cayuse OH-6 and McDonnell Douglas MD 600. The sorts of missions these airplanes direct are observation, tranquilize prohibition, criminal pursuits, routine watch o r backing, search and salvage, staff transport, detainee transport, SWAT activity, traffic implementation, speed authorization, country security, photographic, clinical help and departure. The two kinds of airplanes have their favorable circumstances and detriments in airborne law implementation. http://www.kansas.com/2010/08/01/1427779/flying sees-development in-law-enforcement.html. The favorable circumstances that helicopters have over fixed wings are they can land and take off without the requirement for run ways. Their airfoil shape rotors resemble the wings of a plane, as the rotor turns, wind stream quicker over the highest points of the sharp edges than underneath, along these lines making lift for flight. Their one of a kind rotor configuration considers them to departure vertically, fly toward any path and float over a territory. Their capacity to float gives inclusion to ground units and can land in aiding foot interests. Helicopters can be furnished with a winch to lower or getting work force or supplies on the ground. It is significant resource in leading salvages adrift or on mountains, where there is no spot to land. Its size takes into account mobility around tall structures at lower elevations. manhttp://library.thinkquest.org/J0112389/helicopters.htm. The helicopters are power multipliers for ground units, since they can screen the strategic condition, give cautions or watch things which the ground units can't identify. Moreover, they can react and make progress more rapidly than ground units. The flight deck of a helicopter can be furnished with various electronic types of gear. Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) additionally know as glass cockpit that gives flight and framework data to the team, Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) camera permits the group to see pictures made from infrared vitality, moving guide framework show their area, satellite telephones give direct correspondence, computerized video downlink gives continuous pictu res, night vision goggles can be utilized in low light circumstance, amplifiers for correspondence or message convey to the ground, poisonous gas distributors help control groups, police and flying radios keep the team in contact with different officials and aviation authority . The types of gear on board the helicopters are indispensable in aiding authorizing the law as the occurrence on the fourteenth of November 2008, when the San Diego Police Department helicopter utilized the FLIR camera video to help prosecute a man for beating another man with a prop in the road around evening time. Without the FLIR framework they would have not had the option to see the occurrence occurring. http://www.policeone.com/police-items/strategic/night-vision/recordings/5954944-police-helicopter-gets strange road battle on-flir-camera the evening of 30th January 2013, a multi year old skipper of the Panamanian load transport Gray Shark was having a coronary episode. The NYPD police reacted to the cr isis call and directed an emotional evening time helicopter salvage in New York Harbor. The NYPD harbor clinical group balanced out the chief before bringing in the assistance of a police helicopter to airdrop him off the boat. A container was brought starting from the helicopter to lift him up and afterward flew him to Staten Island University Hospital North where he was recorded in stable condition. This salvage shows one of the numerous points of interest that a rotor wing airplane groups. http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/176246/police-helicopter-salvages transport commander who-was-having-a-cardiovascular failure The weaknesses helicopters have are that they cost more to work and keep up. A completely prepared helicopter can cost from $500,000 to $3 million to buy and the flying costs ranges from $200 to $400 every hour. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/country/2007-09-30-cophelicopters_N.htm Maintenance, fuel, renting and financing cost are multiple times then the cost that of working and looking after planes. Its capacities to fly lower and float makes commotions that are effectively discernible. The limit of travelers that a helicopter can convey is restricted and fluctuates from type. The Robinson RA-44 can convey 2 to 4 faculty and others like the Blackhawk UH-60 can convey 11 staff or the Bell UH-1 that can be designed to convey 15 work force. The general business helicopters in the law requirement organizations make some flight memories of two to four hours, with top speed from 50 to 200 bunches and a normal scope of around 200 miles. The tasks of fixed wing airplane have a few preferences over rotor wing airplanes in law requirement. They can play out a wide scope of missions which expects them to remain airborne longer then a rotor wing airplane is capable as well. Fix wing airplane can convey more payloads and motor exhibitions are extraordinary then those of rotor wing airplanes. Air reconnaissance, country security, speed implementatio n and transport of individuals or rigging are generally the missions perform. http://www.lawofficer.com/article/watch/fixed-wing-airplane law-enforc They are outfitted with an assortment of cutting edge types of gear similarly as their rotor wing partners. The lodges are pressurized and take into consideration higher height flights, which empowers them to direct reconnaissance 5,000 ft to 6,000 ft and not be undetected. The expenses to keep up and work a fixed wing airplane are less expensive than rotor wing airplanes. On normal per flight it cost about $54 for upkeep and $45 for fuel contrasted with a rotor wing airplane. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/bar/pdf/aullea07.pdf One case of a practical fixed wing airplane is the light game airplane. The general expense of the airplane is somewhere in the range of $60,000 and $130,000 to buy. The expense for fuel and upkeep is just $50 every hour. They can fly at speeds going from 35 to 125 bunches which makes them a great stage for pla ying out an expansive scope of law requirement missions. It can convey up to 500 lbs and travel twice to the extent a helicopter. http://nij.gov/nij/themes/law-requirement/activities/flight/kinds of-aircraft.htm One of the best airplane that the Custom Border Patrol has in their stock is the P-3 AEW Orion plane. This is a one of a kind airplane is reconciliation with the E-2 Hawkeye airplane hardware and radar framework, which takes into account it to see surface and air contacts 200 NM every which way. The airplane has a huge fuel limit of 60,000 lbs that takes into account flight time up to 10 to 13 hours on station. It has a greatest range at low elevation is 2,500 NM and at high height 3,800 NM and a most extreme normal cruising rate of 300 to 330 bunches. It can convey a team of 12 to 21 work force. The typical group comprises of four frameworks administrators, three pilots, two flight designers and three support team individuals. They work intimately with the Navy and Coast Gu ard to facilitate the area of medication sneaking pontoons or planes. The essential missions are ban, over water activities, reconnaissance and country security. The utilization of this airplane between the Jacksonville, Florida and the Texas office have added to the catch and seizure of 50 metric huge amounts of medications worth a generally around 2 Billion dollars since 2006. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqCtrB_FZvE The DA42 MPP (Multi Purpose Platform) GUARDIAN is a uniquely planned airplane to conveying multi-useful ethereal reconnaissance types of gear. The upside of this airplane is its incredibly low working expenses and its capacities to lead reconnaissance activities. The interest in this airplane pays for itself through the sparing in fuel cost. It can work at a wide range from at least 75 bunches to a limit of 152 bunches completely prepared. When directing reconnaissance the airplane can fly for up to 12.5 hours with refueling. At half force setting its most extreme r ange is more than 1,350NM. As of now there is no other little airplane that can coordinate the adaptability of the GUARDIAN. The GUARDIANà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s configuration joins hard focuses situated under the fuselage for mounting midsection cases and uses a measured connection approach. The nose area of the airplane is separable which considers mounting nose cases. This airplane can convey a gyro-balanced out, light and warm camcorder, computerized aeronautical cameras and laser scanner, a miniaturized scale wave up and downlink framework with a scope of in excess of 100 NM that gives excellent exchanges, satellite downlink past view, UHF/VHFradios and a military radios is a piece of the standard hardware installed. The GUARDIAN additionally can work as a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) or OPV (Optionally Piloted Vehicle) that offer help capacities f

The Dark Side of Standardized Testing - Free Essay Example

Each year, students take standardized tests. Standardized tests assess a students performance and inform what the school needs to focus on to increase students scores. Instead of spending a large amount of time taking standardized tests, it should lessen because standardized tests develop little to no skills to a students learning, and they are also unfair and unreliable. Students should develop skills that will assist them in the real world because they are the future, and the skills they develop throughout high school will help them prepare for jobs. Even though standardized tests are necessary, students receive little to no skills from them, and they are especially unfair to students who come from low-income families and non-English speaking students, which explains the reason behind their low scores. All students take the exact test, no matter what a students background is; however, have states thought about it? Not every single student who lives in the United States can speak fluent English and understand the language completely. This could be one of the reasons English-language learners do not do well on standardized tests. Based on a statistic, it states, ELLs typically perform 20-40 percentage points below other students on statewide assessments (Menken 4). The state has to understand that standardized tests are putting non-English speaking students under pressure due to their low levels of English abilities: to read it, to speak it, and to understand it when written, read, and spoken. Also, if their scores are low, they put pressure on ELL teachers by changing the way how they should teach those students English, so that they can do well and improve their scores on standardized tests. Furthermore, due to their low scores, their scores are being used to make high-stake decisi ons (Menken 4). Since schools are worried about the money and funds from the government, this supports the idea that ELL students are being put under pressure because schools want them to perform better on standardized tests. Therefore, standardized testing is unfair to non-English speaking students because of their low levels of English skills. Next, taking standardized tests are just a waste of time!! Most of the time students spent taking standardized tests should have been used for learning in the classroom. Some researchers believe that standardized tests neglect the area of higher-order thinking skills, and those are the skills students will need to develop and skills that will help students in the real world and solve real-world problems (Bhattacharyya et al.). Employers will not care if someone can answer a multiple choice question correctly. They care to know if that person has the skills and experience to meet the expectations of the job and can work collaboratively with other people or independently. So, the time used for testing should have been used to develop beneficial skills, skills that students will need in the future and skills that will assist them along the way, such as collaborative, communication, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. Thus, students time should be used in the classroom to lear n and develop skills that will benefit them in the future than using their time to take standardized tests. When comparing students who come from middle-and high-class families from students who come from low-class families, it is evident that students who come from low-income families perform poorly on standardized tests. This is because most of the questions asked on the test are general knowledge that is gained in most middle-and upper-class homes (Bhattacharyya et al.). Students who come from middle-and high-class families have resources available at home that had already help them prepare for those standardized tests. Compared to students who come from low-class families, they do not have the resources available to them. This means that middle-and high-class students can gain more knowledge and skills than low-income students, which explains why test scores of low-income students are low. Thus, states should start making tests that can assess both low, middle-and high-class students and not leaving low-income students behind because that is just unfair! Consequently, the availability of resources and books at home would affect a students overall performance on standardized tests and that states should start making tests fair and equal. States should start to focus less on standardized testing because it harms a students ability to develop skills that will be necessary in the real world and puts non-English speaking and low-income students behind. Standardized testing is unjust to non-English speaking students due to their low levels of English comprehension and low-income students due to the unavailability of resources at home. Because of their backgrounds, it leaves them behind ones who can understand English well and ones who have resources available. In the end, standardized testing does not help build a students skills and prepare them for future careers. Therefore, one could clearly see why standardized tests are not worth a portion of students time.

A Black And White And Silent Movie Released - 855 Words

Sherlock Jr. is a black and white and silent movie released in 1924. Bister Keaton was responsible for direction and performance in the forty-nine minutes long movie. As the main protagonist, Keaton is a projectionist in a theater and also longing to be a detective. However, when he is framed by the local sheik at the home of the girl he likes, the naà ¯ve projectionist is unable to prove his innocence by evidences and leaves. Projecting the movie in the theater, he has a dream of arresting the annoying criminal, who makes him be a disgraceful person in the front of the family. On the other hand, in reality, the kind-hearted girl solves the problems and forgives the young man. The clip starts from 10:30 to 12:00, projecting the moment when†¦show more content†¦The next shot records the facial expression of the local sheik, who steals the pocket watch from the old man, with a medium close-up from a slightly low angle. Then, the camera pans to the right a little bit when the villain walks to the back of the seated Sherlock, peeking the detective book. Apparently, the sheik worries that the young man book might discover his evil deed with the aid of the book. Following the sight of the man, the eye line match offers a close-up of the book that reveals the steps of being a detective to Sherlock. The next shot even further closes up with extra attention to the first step: â€Å"[r]ule 1: [s]earch [e]verybody†(Keaton, Sherlock Jr.). In the eighth shot, the camera refocuses on the two men with a medium shot, disclosing the secret movement of the villain, and Sherlock is still reading his tutorial book on the sofa. The camera slightly pans to the left as the villain walking to the curtain. In this ninth shot, a medium shot with a straight angle shows the viewers an overall circumstance in the room. At two side of the curtain, four members of the family are arguing on one side; the villain keeps his eyes on them silently, and Sherlock still watches his book. The tenth shot immediately returns to the face of the villain with a medium close-up from a slightly low angle and the music keeps speeding up gradually. After sneaking a peek at Sherlock, a title card describes the suggestion ofShow MoreRelatedThe Indian Film Industry Of India1380 Words   |  6 Pagesevolution of bollywood can be categorized as follows: Silent Era to Talkies (1930-1940): Dadasaheb Phalke, the father of Indian Cinema was a man with vision and courage. In the silent era, he pioneered the revolution and released his path breaking film, Raja Harishchandra, based on a mythological character on 21st April, 1913 in Olympia theatre. It was India’s first full-length feature film based on the legend of King Harishchandra, and was released for the masses on May 3, 1913. India is a nation whereRead MoreMovie Review : Moonlight 1327 Words   |  6 Pagesthis semester in Blacks in Film this semester. I have been introduced to a wide variety of Black films that I probably wouldn’t have had the opportunity to watch if I was not in this class. Out of all the culturally diverse, emotional, dramatic, strange Black films that we have watched this semester, my favorite was Moonlight and my least favorite was the original Birth of a Nation. Moonlight was an extremely powerful and eye opening movie. Before having the chance to watch this movie I just kept hearingRead MoreEssay on Film Realism965 Words   |  4 Pages1920’s was a divisive issue among those involved and interested in the emerging motion picture industry. Even though it wasn’t the sudden breakthrough it is often perceived to be, the addition of sound and voice to mainstream cinema revolutionized movie making and led to conflicting viewpoints as to whether or not this innovation was a positive progression for film as an art and as an industry. While the addition of sound to films was generally perceived as an advancement, some critics and filmmakersRead MoreEvolution of Film1138 Words   |  5 Pagescare-free hours to watch a movie meant to bring great emotion to the audience. Since their creation, movies have become a significant part of American culture. Today hundreds of millions of dollars are spent on creating movies and just as much is spent on viewing them. To keep up with popular demand, the industry is always changing and the equation to form a great movie is continually developing. While at one time the public ran to the nearest theater to view the latest silent slap stick comedy, todayRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Dream 801 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican housekeeper and a white child. The story was written by author Kathryn Stockett and she wrote The Help (originally a book) based off her own relationship with her housekeeper, noting that she longed for the relationship with her even after her death (Mor e Than a Maid). After the writing of The Help, many people reached out to Stockett, claiming that she’d written their stories for them. Examples of African American housekeeper in the 60s being mistreated by the white families they worked forRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Fruitvale Station 1615 Words   |  7 Pageswith twenty-two year old Oscar Grant, a man who was shot down by the BART Police. This movie takes viewers on an emotional expedition as it takes a peek into the life and death of Oscar Grant and his family. The struggles of originating from an African-American background become apparent as Oscar Grant struggles with steering away from racial stereotypes and the misunderstandings of racial profiling. As the movie begins, the audience notices that Oscar Grant is portrayed as a man who is loving andRead MoreBlazing Saddles Research1729 Words   |  7 PagesCaucasians than vice versa. In a lot of movies that are released in theaters today, it seems that the directors do a very good job of not displaying racism in movies, unless the movie is obviously about racism. In one of Mel Brooks’ most well known movies the 1974 film, Blazing Saddles, racism is shown in a different manner than almost any other film. In this movie, racism is depicted as more of a comedy. Cleavon Little plays the role of the first black sheriff in a town scheduled to be demolished byRead MoreSunset Boulevard : Drama And Romance Black And White Film917 Words   |  4 PagesSunset Boulevard is a drama/romance black and white film. It was released to the public on August 10, 1950 in New York City. The film was directed by Billy Wilder, and produced and co-written by Charles Brackett. The film was named after the boulevard that runs through Los Angeles and Beverly Hills, California. Film stars William Holden as Joseph C. Gillis, an unsuccessful screenwriter, and Gloria Swanson as Norma Desmond, a faded silent film actress who drags him into her fantasy world where sheRead MoreGet Out Movie Analysis1216 Words   |  5 PagesMeans Coleman discusses black horror as its own genre by giving the initial statement, â€Å"that is, there are so many films featuring Blackness, with so many shared connections, that Black film has become a genre in itself† (4). Get Out (2017) is a black horror film that is directed by and stars a black man as the leading role, Jordan Peele, and Daniel Kaluuya, respectively. The psychologically terrifying film heavily focuses on the idea that white people have power over black people, which becomes aRead MoreFilm Review : Sunset Boulevard1353 Words   |  6 PagesBilly Wilder’s film, Sunset Boulevard, was released in the 1950’s as it con tinues to be a popular film that catches people’s attention. The film still captures the heart and mind of audiences that watch it today with its very dramatic characters and scenes. This film demonstrates a variety of themes and concepts through the choices of cinematography. Sunset Boulevard shows the dark side of celebrities and the flaws or downfall of becoming famous. Some main components of the cinematography in this

Purple Hibiscus And Things Fall Apart - 1135 Words

Hugh Prather, an American writer, once said â€Å"Just when I think I have learned the way to live, life changes.† Change is an inevitable part of being human. As we grow we meet and discover new ideas and people, that change our thinking. For the most part, change happens in very small amounts in life, but there are times at which one single event can lead to great personal development or downfall. In the novels Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe and Purple Hibiscus by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, change of physical and social interactions and environments leads to change in personal beliefs. However, while Purple Hibiscus portrays change as a beneficial transformation, Things Fall Apart argues that change is undesirable. In Purple Hibiscus,†¦show more content†¦Nwoye does not like this treatment, and he longs for freedom. This freedom comes for him when the evangelists arrive. The evangelists are very accepting, as they take in the osu, outcasts from the clan. They off er salvation along with freedom, which Nwoye has been searching for for a long time. However, because of Nwoye’s action, Okonkwo disowns him. Later, when Obierika goes to visit Okonkwo, he finds that â€Å"Okonkwo [does] not wish to speak about Nwoye.† Moreover, Okonkwo tells his other children that â€Å"if any one of [them] prefers to be a woman, let him follow Nwoye† (Achebe, 172). Okonkwo then asks himself how he could have â€Å"begotten a woman for a son† (Achebe, 153). According to Okonkwo, Nwoye has become weak because he has joined another religion. Since Okonkwo believes he is the most masculine man in Umuofia, it is unbearable that his child turned out to be such a failure. This unbearable change in his family creates a ripple effect of events that become worse and worse for Okonkwo. Okonkwo becomes furious, kills a messenger, and then commits suicide in order to avoid being captured by the white men. Okonkwo cannot accept the evangelists, as they have made him lose his power and control over the community and his son. The change in Okonkwo’s life is negative as it makes Okonkwo desperately look for solutions, although there are none. His internal struggle with change leads him to kill another human and himself out of inability to doShow MoreRelatedThings Fall Apart And Purple Hibiscus Essay1257 Words   |  6 Pagescharacters in novels Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe and the novel Purple Hibiscus by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, are controlled by their beliefs, and irrationally act upon them. Adichie and Achebe effectively utilizes a plot events, to simultaneously exalt damage, created by the assertion of religious beliefs onto others. Forcing religion or personal beliefs onto others creates turmoil, as illustrated by both authors, shattering relationship s or a consanguinity. Throughout Things Fall Apart, Achebe utilizesRead MoreThings Fall Apart And Purple Hibiscus Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nigerian novels, Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe and Purple Hibiscus by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, examine the intricate lives of characters and their family dynamics. Okonkwo, from Achebe’s novel, is a powerful man from the village of Umuofia, and Beatrice, from Adichie’s novel, is a submissive and abused wife. Despite Okonkwo and Beatrice both killing a family member, Okonkwo commits this act out of cowardice and fear of being viewed as weak, whereas Beatrice poisons Eugene as an act ofRead MoreThe Conflict Between Tradition And Western Influence On Nigeria1665 Words   |  7 Pagesthese words. The west african country of Nigeria has proven itself to be a successful and enduring land. As the English began exploring and colonizing the land grounded in tradition and folklore, Nigeria effectively adapted and grew. Even when torn apart, Nige ria has pulled itself back together and grown stronger. There are many aspects to Nigeria’s culture that are worth considering. But one aspect of Nigeria has proven itself to be rich, transformative, and long-lasting: literature. Nigeria has producedRead MoreThemes Explored in Purple Hibiscus2095 Words   |  9 Pages1) Five major issues explored in purple hibiscus are; domestic violence, oppression, religion, education and love. 2a) Adichie uses a narrative point of view to explore the theme of domestic violence. The book is narrated in the first person by a 15 year old who is directly affected by domestic violence. Because of her young age she is quiet honest and this allows her to paint a great picture to the audience of the brutal abuse that Eugene bestows upon his family. This is as a result of her sensitiveRead MoreReligion Is A Way Of Life Essay2254 Words   |  10 Pagesmeant to take on the spirituality of the Zulu religion†. African writers such as Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie had also presented Christianity as the main religion for their character as it replicates the behaviour of their character. For example; â€Å"In purple hibiscus†, Adichie presents her character â€Å"Eugene† as a â€Å"devote Christian† who became over religious till he became â€Å"fanatical† to the extent that he would â€Å"beat his children† for not being religious or for involving the mselves in â€Å"ungodly or heathen†Read MoreVampire Diaries61771 Words   |  248 Pagesbig quince tree Matt and the guys climbed up to crash my birthday slumber party two years ago. This is my bed, my chair, my dresser. But right now everything looks strange to me, as if I dont belong here. Its me thats out of place. And the worst thing is that I feel theres somewhere I do belong, but I just cant find it. I was too tired yesterday to go to Orientation. Meredith picked up my schedule for me, but I didnt feel like talking to her on the phone. Aunt Judith told everyone who calledRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesvocabularies are based on the same list that Thomas uses in his Specimens of languages from Southern Nigeria (1914), in which he gives lists from 26 dialects of Igbo and closely related languages. Part V (1914) consists of Addenda to IboEnglish dictionary; apart from corrections to Part II, this volume adds a large amount of material from the Asab a dialect. In general, Thomass material is extensive, but inadequately transcribed and analysed. The CMS mission at Onitsha undertook the collection of a considerable

Corporate Responsibility and Ethics in Accounting

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Responsibility and Ethics in Accounting. Answer: Introduction The first firm is Ramsay Health care whose operation began in 1964 when the founder Paul Ramsay bought a guesthouse in Sydney and converted it into a psychiatric hospital. During the first 14 years of establishment they have been able to expand to 3 more clinics in Australia. They tend to provide healthcare needs which ranges from surgery procedures to high complex surgery, as well as psychiatric and rehabilitation care. They have greatly expanded over the years and operate in countries such as France, the United Kingdom, Malaysia and Indonesia. In addition, they also engage in mental health care industry and surgical industry. Secondly, there is Toxfree Company whose establishment and listing in the Australian Security Exchange was done in 2000. Over the years, the firm has experienced great growth through acquisitions, new green field developments and the existence of organic growth. The firm is well known for its specialty in waste management which tends to keep all industries in order and ensure there is sustainable environment conditions. The firm further engages in activities such as industrial cleaning, asset maintenance, vacuum loading, high pressure water getting and tank cleaning. The firms vision has maintained their consistent growth which is becoming the leading company in industrial service and waste management industry. Abacus property known for its diversification in the real estate industry will be our third focus. Established in 1996 and enlisted in the Australian Stock Exchange in 2002 the property group has greatly spread its wings to specialize in making investment in property opportunities across the commercial property markets located in Australia. Their operation mode includes acquiring property based assets and assists in enhancement of income and capital growth through management of those assets. They have a flat corporate structure and business model supports the synergies across the business. An important factor about them is they operate with the objective of offering investors with increasing returns to shareholders. As for this report, we will be carrying out an in-depth analysis of these 3 firms in regards to their profitability, liquidity, asset, efficiency and gearing. Profitability is a general term of a business ability to create profits (Brown Reilly, 2009). Profits tends to be what is left of the attained revenue after business pays all its expenses which tend to be directly related to the generation of revenue, such as production of a product and expenses relating to business conduction of activities (Madura, 2011). The significance of profitability is that it assists investors in analyzing the best company to direct your investment. Firstly, Ramsey Healthcare profits seem to be increasing over the years. For instance, the growth has been from 16,556,752,743.00 in 2015, 13,989,337,172.00 in 2014 and 7,938,311,588.00 in 2013. In percentage the growth as of 2014 was 76.22% growth compared to 2013. Comparing 2015 profits (16,556,752,743) against 2013 profits (7,938,311,588) the increased profits is 108% increased profits. This shows they have been able to double their profits in a period of 3 years. The reason behind the increased profits is as a results of increase in impairments (land and building) as well as decrease in the expense accounts. Secondly, Toxfree profitability has varied throughout the years. At financial year 2013, the profitability net margin was 4.78%. It had increased at the financial year 2014 to 5.87%. However the profitability net margin has seen a decrease to 5.34% at the financial year 2015 and finally to 3.21% during the financial year 2016. Thirdly, there is Abacus property the profit margin of Abacus property is witnessing the declining trend and the percentage has reduced to 91.8% in the year 2016 as compared to 94.3 in the year 2014. However, the return on equity has been facing the increasing trend and this was because of the decreased sales of the company. Liquidity tends to be a process where an entity pays liabilities in a certain period of time as there is the need of them being settled under the original payment terms (Jeffrey, 2013). The applicability of liquidity on a certain asset means that its easy to convert an asset into cash in a short period (Bansal Hunter, 2003). Looking at Ramsey Healthcare as of 2014 their liquidity ratio was at 0.97. As of 2015 there was a drop in liquidity this is as a result of current liabilities being greater being greater than current assets, but in 2016 there was additional investments by investors which led to an increase in liquidity to 0.92 but still the current liabilities were still high compared to current assets. Secondly, Toxfree current ratio appears to be stable throughout 2014 to 2016 financial years. As of 2013 their standings were at 1.51, in 2014 it increased to 1.57 as a result of investors increasing their investments and current assets becoming greater than current liabilities. In 2015, there was a slight drop to 1.46 but in 2016 they were able to propel their liquidity up to 1.71. Lastly, Abacus property here the current ratio of the company has the declining trend since the year 2014. The ratio stood at 5.56 in the year 2014 and this declined to 2.72 and further to 2.29 in the year 2016. The declining ratio is regarded to be suitable for the company as the company is able to use its current assets in generating the current liabilities. The quick ratio has also witnessed a declining trend and has fallen to 1.15 in the year 2016 as compared to 2.4 and 5.17 in the year 2015 and 2014 respectively. The free cash flow to the net income has also fallen. The free cash flow to the percentage of sales has initially increased and then subsequently decreased. Asset efficiency ratio tends to measure the efficiency there is in a firms ability to utilize assets so as to generate maximum revenue (Breitbarth, 2015). As for Ramsey Healthcare in 2014 their efficiency was at 1.13 which was a remarkable score for them. In 2015, there was an increase in levels of efficiency which propelled to 1.20, but in 2016 the efficiency fell slightly to 1.08. Secondly, Toxfree asset turnover ratio has been increasing through the financial year 2013 to financial year 2015. The asset turnover ratio during the financial year 2013 was 0.84, it increased to 0.93 in financial year 2014, and it reached its peak on 2015 with 1.00 asset turnover ratio. During financial year 2016, it has decreased to 0.86. For Abacus, they have witnessed a declining trend and the ratio has fallen form 0.17 in the year 2014 to 0.9 in the year 2015. The receivables turnover has initially increased and subsequently decreased. The ratio stood at 17.33 in the year 2014 as compared to 21.13 in the year 2016. There was a significant increase in the inventory ratio. The ratio increased from 0.46 in the year 2014 to 2.06 in the year 2016. The lower ratio indicates that the company is not efficiently utilizing the current assets. The balance of the account receivables are increasing faster than the sales of the company. Based on the gearing aspect, Ramsey debt ratio to asset seems to have an increasing trend. For instance as of 2014 the debt ratio to asset was at 0.62 and at 2015 there was an increase to 0.75. In 2016, the debt ration to asset remained constant as that of 2015. Secondly, Toxfree debt ratio to asset has an increasing trend where in 2013 it was at 0.72, 2014 witnessed an increase to 0.81 and 2015 the ratio stood at 0.85. In 2016, there was also an increase to 0.90. Lastly, Abacus property debt to assets ratio has initially reduced and then increased in the year 2016. The ratio stood at 1.52 in the year 2014 as compared to 1.62 in the year 2016. The lower ratio is always considered better and the ratio 1.62 is regarded to be highly leveraged as the company has more assets compared to its liabilities. Limitation of analysis The use of ratio analysis tends to have its own limitations which include: All information attained is based on history. Thus, this fails to show whether the results would be carried on in the future (Wang, 2014). Information in financial statements via ratio analysis may have been aggregated differently in the past so there is no accuracy of information. Change in policies tends to affect business financial statements. Therefore, none is sure of the policy used during a particular time or period (Gobbels Jonker, 2003). Interpretation- where its difficult to ascertain reasons for the results of the ratio. Conclusion In general, we observe an increasing trend in profitability along the three companies but Abacus Property seems to be the strongest. In liquidity, Abacus Property appears to be the strongest firm and in asset efficiency Abacus Property appears to have better asset efficiency since they have a low ratio indicating that the company is not efficiently utilizing the current assets which could act as a potential for growth. Hence, indicating that Abacus Property can greatly prosper in long run. Recommendation It is advisable for the investor to dedicate his investments on Abacus Property compared to the other two firms. The only aspect that he could focus on managers of the firm to work on is debt ratio to assets. Hence, resulting to greater results and higher revenue for the investors money. References Brown, K., Reilly, F. (2009). Analysis of investments and management of portfolios. [Mason, OH?]: South-Western. Madura, J. (2011). Personal finance. Boston [u.a.]: Pearson. Jeffrey, C. (2013).Research on professional responsibility and ethics in accounting. Vol. 17 Vol. 17. Bingley, U.K., Emerald. Balmer, J. M. T. (2009).Explicating Corporate Identity. Bradford, Emerald Group Pub. Breitbarth, T. (2015).Corporate governance: the of international business in journal society : governance and Ratio analysis management in sport. Wang, S. (2014).Chinese strategic decision-making on CSR. Hazlett, S.-A., Mcadam, R., Sohal, A. (2007).Quality management and Ratio analysis. [Bradford, England], Emerald. Ali, A. J., Al?Aali, A. (2012). Corporate social responsibility in Saudi Arabia. Middle East Policy, 19(4), 40-53. Bansal, P., Hunter, T. (2003). Strategic explanations for the early adoption of Ratio Analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(3), 289-299. Gbbels, M., Jonker, J. (2003). AA1000 and SA8000 compared: a systematic comparison of contemporary accountability ratio standards. Managerial Auditing Journal, 18(1), 54-58.

Overcome Social Problem Among Youth free essay sample

Malaysia is categorized as third world country and has received rapid growth in socioeconomic and advance technologies. The globalization makes the world become smaller and all the information could be obtained easily by clicking on the computers. World without any barrier allows cultures from other countries influence the Malaysian especially the youths. There are good and bad cultures. The social problems emerged due to bad cultures from other countries. Cultures which we do not feed into our own cultural and religious values. Most young generations cannot identify and analyse what are the good and bad things. It could be eliminate the moral values in each young generation. The social evils that are plaguing our society today could hardly be catalogued, they are uncountable in the true sense of the assertion. Among the prominent social problems are the escalating crime waves, religious intolerance, disrespect for elders, laziness and lateness of duty, widespread of diseases, ostentatious spending, abortion, pre-marital pregnancy, elope (run off secretly to be married and usually without the consent or knowledge of one’s parent), disciplinary problem, psychological problem, slow down development of the country, and alcohol consumption. We will write a custom essay sample on Overcome Social Problem Among Youth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These are the effects of our social problem among Malaysian youth. First of all we will discuss the escalating crime waves among our Malaysian youth. These days our Malaysian youth are involve in many crime whether its small or big. One of the most common among our youth are drug abuse. Its sad to see the future of our country the be involve with this kinds of social problems, at a very young age they are throwing their lives and future away. We the society used to think that drug abuser are only among uneducated society and parents. This statements has change among the years as the children from educated and high society parents are one of the biggest drug abuser. These are the Malaysian youth with the free flow of money to buy all sorts of drug such as marijuana, ecstasy, cocaine and many more. This statement does not mean that the youth from the low income society are not involved. This are the youth that will cause many more crime due to their addiction to drugs. The drug abuser that come from this society does not have the free flow of money as the high society youth have to they will result to other ways. Ways such as being a snatch thief, house robber, stealing cars and motorcycle. Some of them will go as far to killing people to get what they want. Social ills among youths that occurred this period now. Accordingly, various measures should be highlighted to overcome social ills among youths. First is the role of parents. Parents should monitor and protect their children. In modern times, many parents busy with their career and leave their children without any independent oversight. Hence, monitoring of the parents is important to avoid social problems among youths. Thus, the role of communities in addressing social ills. Society plays an important role in addressing social problems. Community should not remain silent when you see something social ills that happen. It should have taken appropriate action. Happy and harmonious family is also very important to address the problem among youths. As example is eating together or watching television with family members. Having quality time with family members will be able to strengthen ties between families. Some other way to solve this problems that occur among youths, youths need to be selective in selecting friends. By this way the youths need to have good friend to avoid them trapped in social problems. Youths can preferred partners who will help them that can give great advice regarding social ill such as smoking, drug abuse, dumping baby and others. Most of the times in a day youths spend more time with their friends rather than their own families. This could give a great impact in their personality and style of thinking. Other than that, after school programs could overcome the social problem among youths. Programs that could attract the interest of the youths can prevent them from spending their time loitering around shopping complex, cyber cafe, and others places. Time they spend to carry out these activities cause them to be more disciplined. More extra co-curiculum activities should be held by the school, so that the teenagers and children will use their free-time for much more useful activities. Thus, they would not have time to be waste and doing useless activities which will leads them to involved in social problems. As most of the activities conduct for extra co-curriculum giving great moral values and have great point of views in life. Youths can learn and share of ideas with their friends. Mass media is one mechanism that has a great influence and effective in the formation of human personality. It is a socialization agent and plays an important role in growing and promoting practices morally in society. Mass media can shape the hearts manner, mentality and personality especially people who operate 24 hours. Mass media should be free from ideology grip secularism, the extreme commercial culture, ideology and material inducement to live in luxury. Mass media must have a basic philosophy and policies in line with the communication moral values of Islam. Officials should increase the mass media sense of accountability, responsibility and their obligation to enforce impartial and noble values such as truth, honesty and so forth. Consumer mass media, especially those who are responsible as parents, teachers, political leaders and administrators should be more wise in the lead, guide, improve rationality, maturity and alertness and ability to choose to broadcast a more useful waching by children or those who are under their care. Mass media can also actually be a vehicle through various channels such as information technology, advanced Internet, multimedia and so on. Last but not least and one of the main thing that can overcome this problem is the function of Religion. If a person obey the commands and needs of their religion they will not necessarily have been running into problems. Religion teaches every single of their people to be a good persons and be great person by obeying His orders and teach moral values to be a kind person and how to live their life. Therefore, loyal order of god can guide mankind to follow the truth, and not to go the wrong way. In other words, a good selection will help prevent social problems in the youths themselves. As a conclusion, social problems can only be solved not just by the person itself its also need the role of others in order to ensure youths to overcome the social problem. Every single component of the family, organization, friends and others that evolves should play their part in educating youths to live a great life ahead avoiding the social problem.

4 Ways To Say It in Spanish

4 Ways To Say It in Spanish It is one of the most common English words, but its direct equivalent in Spanish, ello, isnt used much. Thats mostly because Spanish has other ways of saying it - or not stating it at all. This lesson looks at translations for it in four situations, depending on how it is used in relation to the other words in a sentence: as the subject of a sentence, as the direct object of a verb, as an indirect object of a verb and as the object of a preposition. Saying It in Spanish as the Subject of a Sentence Because it has an extensive verb conjugation, Spanish is able to frequently omit the subjects of sentences entirely, depending on the context to make clear what the subject is. When the subject of a sentence is inanimate, something that would be referred to as it, it is very unusual in Spanish to use a subject at all:  ¿Dà ³nde est el telà ©fono? Est aquà ­. (Where is the telephone? It is here. Note how in this and the following sentences that there is no Spanish word given to translate it.)Est roto. (It is broken.)Hoy comprà © una computadora porttil. Es muy cara. (Today I bought a laptop computer. It is very expensive.)No me gusta esta cancià ³n: es muy rencorosa. (I dont like this song. Its full of resentment.) In English, it is common to use it as the subject of a sentence in a vague sense, such as when talking about the weather: It is raining. It can also be used when talking about a situation: It is dangerous. Such as use of it in English is sometimes referred to as a dummy subject. In translation to Spanish, dummy subjects are nearly always omitted. Llueve. (It is raining.)Nieva. (It is snowing.)Es peligroso. (It is dangerous.)Es muy comà ºn encontrar vendedores en la playa. (It is very common to find vendors on the beach.)Puede pasar. (It can happen.) Saying It in Spanish as the Direct Object of a Verb As the direct object of a verb, the translation of it varies with gender. Use lo when the pronoun it refers to a masculine noun or la when it refers to a feminine noun.  ¿Viste el coche? No lo vi. (Did you see the car? I didnt see it.) ¿Viste la camisa? No la vi. (Did you see the shirt? I didnt see it.)No me gusta esta hamburguesa, pero voy a comerla. (I dont like this hamburger, but Im going to eat it.)Antonio me comprà ³ un anillo.  ¡Mà ­ralo!  (Antonio bought me a ring. Look at it!) ¿Tienes la llave? No la tengo. (Do you have the key? I dont have it.) If you dont know what it refers to, or if it refers to something abstract, use the masculine form: Vi algo.  ¿Lo viste? (I saw something. Did you see it?)No lo sà ©. (I dont know it.) Saying It in Spanish as an Indirect Object It is unusual in Spanish for an indirect object to be an inanimate object, but when it is use le: Dà ©le un golpe con la mano. (Give it a hit with your hand.)Brà ­ndale la oportunidad. (Give it a chance.) Saying It in Spanish as the Object of Preposition Here again, gender makes a difference. If the prepositional object refers to a noun thats masculine, use à ©l; if you are referring to a noun thats feminine, use ella. As objects of pronouns, these words can also mean him and her, in addition to it, so you need to let the context determine what is meant. El coche est roto. Necesito un repuesto  para à ©l. (The car is broken. I need a part  for it.)Me gusta mucho mi bicicleta. No puedo vivir sin ella. (I like my bicycle a lot. I cant live without it.)El examen fue muy difà ­cil. A causa de à ©l, no aprobà ©. (The test was very difficult. Because of it, I didnt pass.)Habà ­a muchas muertes antes de la guerra civil y durante ella. (There were many deaths before the civil war and during it.) When the object of a preposition refers to a general condition or something without a name, you can use the neuter pronoun for it, ello. It is also very common to use the neuter pronoun eso, which literally means this. Mi novia me odia. No quiero hablar de ello. (My girlfriend hates me. I dont want to talk about it.)Mi novia me odia. No quiero hablar de eso. (My girlfriend hates me. I dont want to talk about it.)No te preocupes por ello. (Dont worry about it.)No te preocupes por eso. (Dont worry about it.)

International Law and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International Law and Development - Essay Example Compliance with counter terrorism measures has affected the ability of humanitarian organisations to provide assistance based on the principles of neutrality and impartiali...ty. Law and development is a topic that concerns the potential of law as an instrument of social change in developing countries. The key objective of this assignment is to evaluate the impact of public international law in an era which has been affected by changes in policies due to anti-terrorism laws and their affects on development assistance in developing countries. The key problem in this respect is that counter terrorism legislation and other policies have directly affected levels of development assistance, as many donors are now afraid of the consequences of indirectly funding designated entities or individuals. What is Development Aid Assistance? Development assistance can be separated into two sectors – private and public. Private aid is concerned with financial aid given by governments and other agencies to support the economic, environmental, social and political development of developing countries. It is distinguished from humanitarian aid (public aid) which focuses on long-term poverty alleviation. This assistance ensures that the country can develop instead of sliding back into conflict. Some examples include: the reconstruction of property and infrastructure, the return of displaced security, governance, transport of food and supplies, and the rebuilding of the economy. The aim of development assistance is to help developing countries function on their own and ensure that they can function independently after aid is extended to them. Public aid deals with humanitarian aid and its general aim is to help people in third world countries, particularly the most

Nietzsche's Preface (no.7) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nietzsche's Preface (no.7) - Essay Example d beginning of various social and philosophical beliefs through an attempt to account for the scope, totality or breadth of ideology in the time period provided as opposed to being focused on a singular dominant ideology (Ransom 62). Additionally, a genealogy attempts to see beyond the ideology that is in question, for conditions the genealogy possibility. Genealogy developed as a continued works of Nietzsche. Fredrick Nietzsche on the genealogy of morals criticized the "the genealogists" and proposed a historic philosophy to be used in order to effectively critique the modern mortality through supposing that the genealogy of morals did develop into the current form through the power relations. The philosophy of Nietzsche is characterized as genealogy because of his use of genealogy in the genealogy of morals (Ransom 56). This paper explores the main characteristics of the genealogical method and how helpful this method is in evaluating and reevaluating peoples moral prejudices and i n finding their origins. The essential characteristics of the Nietzsches genealogical method includes identification of the area of designated study, drawing up of the dispositif that shows the relationship to area of designated study for the many phenomena that constitutes it, the exposures through effective history of the destabilising along with discontinuous discursive and other elements that are involved in the production given problem with its associated truths, consequent rejection of searching for the fixed hidden meaning relevant to the problem or for the conscious authorial intension, and a combination of meticulous scrutiny and detachment in the analysis of the given textual and non-textual discursive and manifestation of the problem (Ransom 82). The main project for Nietzsches in the Genealogy is questioning the value of morality. Nietzsche argues that peoples current morality is born out of hatred, and resentment felt towards anything that was healthy, powerful, or

Perception of Beauty Essay Example for Free

Perception of Beauty Essay The term ‘beauty’ is used in multiple contexts. These can be divided into ‘inner beauty’, describing a goodness of personality, and ‘outer beauty’, concerned with aesthetic appearance. On the surface, disfigurement affects outer beauty, but it has been found that changes in appearance can cause anxiety, depression, grief, and a lowered self-esteem. These strongly affect a person’s disposition. Thus, defects in outer beauty can indirectly alter inner beauty. How do human beings decide who is attractive and who is not? Society is full of messages telling us what is beautiful, but what are those definitions based on? Do we consciously decide whom we are attracted to? The issue of beauty and how we define it has been studied for centuries. Scholars from all fields of study have searched for the formula for beauty. Darwin in his book â€Å"The Descent of Man† wrote, It is certainly not true that there is in the mind of man any universal standard of beauty with respect to the human body. It is however, possible that certain tastes in the course of time become inherited, though I have no evidence in favor of this belief. Beauty is an idea. Everybodys idea of beauty is unique. Beauty is a function of culture also. When ideas about beauty make powerful impacts, they can become beauty ideals. What is ideal beauty? We see it everywhere, from paintings, to magazines to TV. Douglas Yu of the University of East Anglia in Norwich, England, agrees. Its true by definition. Beauty is always judged by the receiver, he says. At the same time, he says in an email there is inter-observer concordance, a measure of objectivity, so that individual perceptions of beauty, factoring in other characteristics such as personality and intelligence, can often be aggregated to form a consensus opinion. Judgment of Beauty According to Kant, the judgment of beauty is different from cognitive or moral judgment because it is affected subjectively, that is, exclusively in reference to the person making the judgment. For a judgment to be truly â€Å"aesthetic†, rather than merely idiosyncratic, the person making the judgment must be adamant that their opinion be consensus. â€Å"A person who describes something as beautiful insists that everyone ought to give the object in question his approval and follow suit. Plato, one of the earliest philosophers to concern himself with beauty, defined it as a â€Å"property intrinsic in objects† which could be measured in â€Å"purity, integrity, harmony and perfection. † Media and Perception of Beauty Research shows that media play a dominant role in influencing females’ perceptions of the world around them, as well as helping them to define their sense of self. The media can definitely change our perception of beauty. It can indeed create a distortion in what a person considers to be ideal beauty or not. It is proven that those that are under the influence of media, either the TV or Print media may unsavorily change what is their idea of beauty by wanting to measure up the ideal or standard portrayed by the media. Another major influence on this centurys attitudes towards beauty was the growth of the film industry. For the first half of the century, all the major beauty icons were film actresses. It was a medium that allowed women who would have previously been overlooked to shine. For instance, the 19th century aversion to redheads was still in place as late as the 20s. It was that black-and-white medium that allowed Clara Bow to be the exception. However, stars such as Bette Davis and Katherine Turner who could not be described as â€Å"conventionally beautiful† invariably came from middle or upper class backgrounds. Beauty was an essential attribute for a working class woman to become successful in Hollywood. This period was also the beginning of the ties between the film and fashion industries, which would continue for decades to come. References Journal of Young Investigators Undergraduate, Peer-Reviewed Science Journal http://www. jyi. org/volumes/volume6/issue6/features/feng. html Utah Education Network  http://www.uen.org/Lessonplan/preview.cgi?LPid=4527

Comparing the Opening Scenes of Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth Essay

The opening scene of any play is extremely important because it can play a major role in establishing key elements throughout the rest of the performance. The main elements are the characters, themes, language, settings and plot. The audience can form a basic idea of these elements involved to spark their interest in the play. There is a great deal of contrast between the opening scenes of â€Å"Macbeth† and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, both by William Shakespeare. The first scene of â€Å"Macbeth† by William Shakespeare is very short, but full of impact. The thunder and lightning alone give it a dramatic opening, which grabs the interest of the audience, as it is representative of evil. These dramatic sound effects help to set the eerie and supernatural atmosphere that Shakespeare wanted to create along with the witches. The witches introduce us to a dark, dangerous play, in which the theme of evil is central. The witches say little but we learn a lot about them from this first scene. The mood of the play is set in this opening scene, although the action doesn’t start until the next scene. The presence of supernatural forces in the opening scene of â€Å"Macbeth†, provides for much of the play’s dramatic tension and the mounting suspense. â€Å"When shall we three meet again? In thunder, lightning, or in rain?† This is the opening line of the play â€Å"Macbeth†. It immediately draws the audiences attention and captures their imagination, as the supernatural world fascinated people in Elizabethan England. At the time the play was first performed and at the time that Shakespeare was writing it, witchcraft was a great enemy of the state and people became enthralled by these peculiar, suspicious witches. Witch-hunts took place and many people were convicted o... ...beth† and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† are utterly contrasting, they are both interesting and enjoyable in their own unique ways. Works Cited and Consulted Bradley, A.C. Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto: Penguin Books Canada Ltd., 1991. Bryant, Joseph A., ed. William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. New York: Penguin, 1990. Edwards, Terence. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Macbeth. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1977. Hunter, G.K. "Macbeth in the Twentieth Century." Aspects of Macbeth. Ed. Kenneth Muir Shakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992. Watts, Cedric. Twayne's New Critical Introductions to Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991. Scott, Mark W. (Editor). Shakespeare for Students. Gale Research Inc. Detroit, Michigan. 1992 Comparing the Opening Scenes of Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth Essay The opening scene of any play is extremely important because it can play a major role in establishing key elements throughout the rest of the performance. The main elements are the characters, themes, language, settings and plot. The audience can form a basic idea of these elements involved to spark their interest in the play. There is a great deal of contrast between the opening scenes of â€Å"Macbeth† and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, both by William Shakespeare. The first scene of â€Å"Macbeth† by William Shakespeare is very short, but full of impact. The thunder and lightning alone give it a dramatic opening, which grabs the interest of the audience, as it is representative of evil. These dramatic sound effects help to set the eerie and supernatural atmosphere that Shakespeare wanted to create along with the witches. The witches introduce us to a dark, dangerous play, in which the theme of evil is central. The witches say little but we learn a lot about them from this first scene. The mood of the play is set in this opening scene, although the action doesn’t start until the next scene. The presence of supernatural forces in the opening scene of â€Å"Macbeth†, provides for much of the play’s dramatic tension and the mounting suspense. â€Å"When shall we three meet again? In thunder, lightning, or in rain?† This is the opening line of the play â€Å"Macbeth†. It immediately draws the audiences attention and captures their imagination, as the supernatural world fascinated people in Elizabethan England. At the time the play was first performed and at the time that Shakespeare was writing it, witchcraft was a great enemy of the state and people became enthralled by these peculiar, suspicious witches. Witch-hunts took place and many people were convicted o... ...beth† and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† are utterly contrasting, they are both interesting and enjoyable in their own unique ways. Works Cited and Consulted Bradley, A.C. Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto: Penguin Books Canada Ltd., 1991. Bryant, Joseph A., ed. William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. New York: Penguin, 1990. Edwards, Terence. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Macbeth. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1977. Hunter, G.K. "Macbeth in the Twentieth Century." Aspects of Macbeth. Ed. Kenneth Muir Shakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992. Watts, Cedric. Twayne's New Critical Introductions to Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991. Scott, Mark W. (Editor). Shakespeare for Students. Gale Research Inc. Detroit, Michigan. 1992

Communal Riots in India Essay

Communal riots have become a distinct feature of communalism in India. Whenever conflicting groups from two different religions, which are self –conscious communities, clash, it results in a communal riot. An event is identified as a communal riot if (a) there is violence, and (b) two or more communally identified groups confront each other or members of the other group at some point during the violence.1 The reason for such a clash could be superficial and trivial, though underlying them are deeper considerations of political representation, control of and access to resources and power. There have been many incidents of riots recorded during the course of British rule and even before that. For example: In Ahmedabad there were riots in 1714, 1715, 1716 and 1750. But according to Bipan Chandra, in his book â€Å"Communalism in Modern India†, communal tension and riots began to occur only in the last quarter of the 19th century, but they did not occur in India on any sign ificant scale till 1946-472. Before that, the maximum communal rioting took place during 1923-26. A clear relationship between communal riots and politics was established for the first time in 1946, when the Muslim League gave its direct action call on August 16, 1946. 3 This chronology reveals that communal riots are not caused spontaneously and also that they are rarely caused by religious animosity. They arise due to conflicting political interests, which are often linked to economic interests. There is a significant change in the pattern of communal riots since the 1990s, which could be noticed in the later part of this chronology. This brings forth the shifts that have occurred in the nature of communal riots in India. Moreover, the aim is to underline that religion in most of the cases is not the reason why communal riots occur. The reason for the occurrence of communal violence has been different in the two different phases. During the time of partition, it was the clash of political interests of the elite of two different communities which resulted in communal riots.4 But, from the 1960s till the late 1980s, the local political and economic factors played a very important role in instigating riots. The emergence of Hindutva politics in the last two decades has been a cause of communal riots in this phase where the local factors have also helped in instigating riots. Communa l riots that took place from the 1960s to the 1980s follow a particular pattern. Read more: Essay About Crime Rate in India They have mostly occurred in urban towns which are either industrial belts or trading centers with the economy largely based on a particular occupation. Most of these places had a considerable percentage of Muslim population whose political or economic interests clashed with those of the Ashtosh Varshney, Ethnic Violence and Civic Life, (New Haven : Yale University Press, 2002), p.309 2 Bipan Chandra, Communalism in Modern India, (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing Home, 1984), Pp 4 3 Ibid, 6 4 Asghar Ali Engineer, â€Å"Gujarat Riots in the Light of the History of Communal Violence,† Economic and Political Weekly, December 14, 2002, pp. 5047-5054 -11 Hindus. Moreover, the major riots occurred when the Congress was in power in these states or during the short and uncertain phase of the Janata Party coalition rule at the Centre. Riots in this phase might have occurred in the villages or rural areas like the Biharsharif riots, but they have often remained unreported. Therefore it is important to distinguish this phase from the 1990s during which the BJP and its sister organizations have been active in instigating communal riots. Communal violence since 1990s needs to be seen in the light of the changing political equations in the country. The decline of the Congress and the emergence of the BJP as a strong political force resulted in shifting patterns of communal riots. Communal violence in the last two decades is a result of the manipulation of the religious sentiments of people by the Hindu right-wing organizations for political gains. The politicization of the Mandir-Masjid issue and the subsequent demolition of the Mosque gave t he BJP the opportunity to consolidate its vote bank. But in the process the controversy created a communal divide, and frequency of riots also increased during this time. Since partition, never before has one particular incident resulted in the emergence of violence in almost all the states. From the 1960s till 1980 local factors played a very important role in the emergence of riots, but since the late 1980s this trend seems to be changing. Communal violence has always occurred when the BJP has wanted to expand its base. In the recent years the South Indian states, particularly Kerala and Tamilnadu, have also witnessed communal violence and are slowly growing into communally sensitive areas. This is primarily because of the recent entrance of BJP in the political arena of these states. Apart from Godhra, the other incidences of communal violence in the 90s have been minor, yet they cannot be dismissed. These eruptions of communal violence have not been spontaneous, but are organized, and often have the support of the local administrations. The state support to riots is a long established feature in India, yet the state has never been such an active participant in the violence before the Gujarat riots. Communal violence has entered a new phase with the Christians and members of other minority religions being made the victims of planned attacks. Communal riots in this decade have been both urban and rural features, but the extent of damage is always greater in the thriving centers of trade and commerce. Tribal population in the rural areas is being forced to get involved in the attacks on Christians and Muslims by bringing them within the Hindutva framework. Apart from economic reasons, the call for Hindu unity which is primarily a means to achieve political advantage is the main source for communal violence in this decade. Godhra was indeed the first major communal riot that got suc h a wide media coverage particularly from the satellite channels. Therefore the media now needs to be more responsible, considering the influence that it can have over the masses. It is time that the media stopped any kind of biased reporting as it can further encourage the communal elements to instigate the masses. Political parties have always had a hand in instigating and exploiting communal violence so as to meet their electoral interests. Though communal riots are condemned in various quarters, there is still complete inaction both from the administration and the ruling governments in many states. Though religious festivals and processions are generally the starting points of communal riots, still sufficient security is not provided during these times. There is also not much response against incidents of communal violence from the civil society. Till the time the political parties which instigate communal riots are voted to power, the incentives to combat communalism will not b e able to develop fully. Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons Hindus, Muslims Hindus, Muslims Casualties Dead 5000 5000 Injured 25000 3000 Inquiry Commission Result Remarks 1947 MarchAugust, 1947 Calcutta and Naokhali, Bengal Lahore and Amritsar, Punjab Kota Kota Jabalpur elopement of a Hindu girl with a Muslim boy, son of a local bidi magnate was the immediate cause; rivalry between Hindus and Muslims in the bidi industry business rivalry between the Hindus and the Muslims, particularly in the liquor trade in Rourkela Justice Shiv Dayal Srivastava Committee intelligence department was inefficient, the law and order authorities responsible for laxity in investigation and prosecution, resulting in large acquittals The riots in Bihar also led to largescale devastation of human lives and properties. Punjab was the worst effected during the Partition riots. It was the key to the issue of partition and thus to the constitutional fate of India. In Lahore and Amritsar armed mobs murdered the people and burnt their homes situation brought under control quickly situation brought under control quickly A new phase began with the Jabalpur riots when local factors started playing an important role in instigating violence. Rourkela, Calcutta, Jamshedpur 2000, mostly Muslims reaction to the atrocities committed against Hindus in East Pakistan. communal elements were given a free hand by the administration Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons started due to brick batting of a students’ procession urging that Urdu be made the second official language of Bihar Casualties Dead 19 Hindus, 164 Muslims Injured Inquiry Commission Raghubir Dayal Commission Result Remarks August 1967 Hatia, Ranchi feelings were agitated on hearing rumors about what happened in Ranchi. The commission was critical about the inadequate measures adopted by the district authority in Hatia; DM and SP new and inexperienced; political parties and labour unions criticized It was around 1964-65 that communal disturbances began to occur in Aurangabad. The Jamait-e-Islami did not have any active branches till about 1964. The Jan Sangh in the fourth general elections found the first opportunity to approach the masses on a purely communal platform since opposing Congress candidate in Aurangabad was a Muslim. Majority of the Hindu population of Karimganj was engaged in trade and business, the bulk of them were also involved in smuggling. The Hindus of the region resented the fact that Muslim smugglers had an edge over them, due to their relations with the Muslim population in Pakistan. Aurangabad accidental injury to a cow by a Muslim boy while he was trying to chase it away from his shop. Loot and arson by RSSJan Sangh and Congress workers. Retaliation by Muslims a cow belonging to a Muslim trespassed into a Hindu house. When a Hindu boy tried to chase the cow away, a few Muslims beat him up 41 Hindua, 41 Muslims one incident of stabbing a Hindu March 1968 Karimganj, Assam   Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons Communal riots between Hindus and Muslims occurred near the Jagannath Temple in September. The riots spread to 25 more localities, in which around 512 persons lost their lives. It is alleged that handbills calling for a religious war were distributed to the rioters by the Jan Sangh and the RSS. Casualties Dead 512 Injured Inquiry Commission Justice P.Jaganmoha n Reddy Result Remarks Ahmadabad the havoc was caused by rumors, patrikas writings on blackboards and provocative newspaper reports; recommended that the special branch of the Gujarat police needed to be reorganized. Bhiwandi, Maharashtra Jalgaon, Maharashtra Hindus traced the disturbances to the molestation of a married Hindu woman by some Muslim youth.. May 1970 17 Hindus, 59 Muslims 1 Hindu, 42 Muslims D. P. Madan Commission of Inquiry D. P. Madan Commission of Inquiry the MTM and Rashtriya Utsav Mandal shared joint responsibility for the riots report held that there was no such incident. The Commission said that police officials with the help of some Hindus invented the story at a much later stage. The Congress was not far behind in spreading communal feelings. Most Congressmen participated directly or indirectly in the riots and called the Muslims anti-national. The Hindu Dharma Rakshak Samiti was formed at this time. Its members were largely middle class Hindus. Ahmedabad’s textile industry, which provided largescale employment opportunities for Hindus and Muslims, was facing a crisis, and there was strong rivalry between the Hindu and Muslim workers in this industry. The relief work that followed the riots was not efficient and the general attitude towards the riot victims was unsympathetic. 1,286 Muslims and 323 Hindus were arrested after the riot The day the riots occurred, 8th May, all the senior officers were out of town. Another immediate reason for the riot was a quarrel that took place at a pan shop at Rath Chowk between a Muslim and some Hindus. Year Location Communities/Organizations involved/Reasons riots broke out after the announcement of the Bhiwandi riots over All India Radio. in Nonari, the riots began on 15 November after Muslims murdered a Harijan leader; a crowd of 10,000 attacked Muslim houses and shops and started looting and arson. In Sajni on 12 December, a crowd of 5000 started looting and arson after a few Muslim boys tried to molest a Hindu Brahmin girl of another village. A Hindu boy, who was beaten up by the Muslims, saved the girl; rumor was spread the that the Hindu girl was raped riots started when students from the Anglo-Bengali College and young men from the adjoining locality of Muslim weavers clashed over the question of whether the spreading of yarn by weaver boys on a part of a playground was restricting the space available for students to play Casualties Dead Injured 9 Hindus, 6 Muslims Inquiry Commission D. P. Madan Commission of Inquiry Result Remarks May 1970 Mahad, Maharashtra criticized the political parties for exploiting communal feelings. in Nonari, 107 houses of Muslims were looted and 76 were set on fire November 1972 Nonari and Sajni, Uttar Pradesh October 1977 Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh   Muslims were stabbed after being dragged out of a cinema hall and several injured The police instigated the riots by going to the Muslim locality and beating up the weavers. This led to a worsening of the situation and further clashes taking place. In another incident the police did not make proper arrangements when a Hindu procession was crossing a Muslim locality. The police, instead of firing at the miscreants in the stabbing incident, started firing on the Muslims. Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons Casualties Dead 23 Hindus, 2 Muslims Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks March 1978 Sambhal, Uttar Pradesh a big trading centre for smugglers and bootleggers. There was trade rivalry between the Hindus and the Muslims who wanted to dispossess the Hindus of their property. Commerce in Aligarh revolves around the lock industry, which is owned by rich Muslims. But there is also the exploitation of the Muslim workers by these owners. Every time a riot occurs the lock owners come out as protectors of the Muslim workers and thereafter continue their exploitation of the workers. The Hindu traders, who are followers of the Jan Sangh, had control over the raw materials for the lock industry. The Hindu traders also benefited from the riots as they got possession of a little more territory by occupying the land of the victims, which they generally leave due to fear. 19 264 were arrested; Chenna Reddy, the then Chief Minster of the state, started addressing Ganesh processions, after this incident for political gains. October 1978 Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh immediate reason for this particular riot was the murder of a Hindu. A procession was led demanding the punishment of the murderer but violence erupted when the procession was crossing the Muslim populated area. During the riots the ruling party office bearers used strong-arm methods to secure the release of some antisocials arrested by the police as a preventive measure. a particular group started throwing stones on a Ganesh procession consisting of 2000 people. September 1978 Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons a joint Ramnavmi procession passed through an area which had a significant population of both Muslims and adivasis. The local MLA played an active role in provoking the riots. Casualties Dead 120 killed, more than half were Muslims Injured Inquiry Commission Jitendra Narain Commission of Inquiry Result Remarks April 1979 Jamshedpur, Bihar concluded that the RSS, with its extensive organization in Jamshedpur and close links with the BJP and the BMS, had a hand in creating a climate propitious for the outbreak of these disturbances. It further said that not a single Hindu was killed by the Bihar Military Police in 22 hours of firing resorted to by the police for quelling the riots. The population of Moradabad is evenly distributed between Hindus and Muslims. The town’s brassware industry is the main source of its income. Most of the artisans in the industry are Muslims, but the traders and exporters of the finished products are Hindus. There has been a long standing rivalry between the Muslims in this area and the Valmikis, traditionally sweepers. Constant clashes occur between them over land, and the straying of pigs into the Muslim locality. riots in Moradabad was followed by Biharsharif, Merrut, Baroda, Bhiwandi, Pune and Sholapur. The PAC played a communal role, and in one particular incident 15 Muslims were killed by the PAC. August 1980 Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh Id-prayers were disrupted 1500 to and scores of people, 2000 including many young children, died in a stampede at the Idgah. The riot occurred on this particular occasion when a police constable on duty refused to chase a pig when asked by Muslims in the Idgah. A number of Harijan slums and Muslim refugee camps were attacked.   Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons a quarrel in a toddy shop owned by a Harijan. The trouble erupted in the Gagandiwan village having a majority Muslim population. There was also traditional rivalry between the Hindus and Muslims over a piece of land which both claimed as their own. dispute over a Shiv temple and a Mazaar in two adjoining buildings in the highly sensitive Shahghasa area Casualties Dead around 80 Injured Inquiry Commission Balasubraman ian Commission set up by the Bihar Government Result Remarks April 1981 Biharsharif, Bihar failure of the intelligence machinery and the District Administration misleading the higher authorities by not providing a correct assessment. The police did not take effective action to control the clash, which ended in rioting. The spread of false rumors affected the other villages in Biharsharif. The hold of the RSS and the Jammat-e-Islami in these areas further increased the violence September 1982 In the elections that took place before the riots, a Muslim MLA was elected, displacing the BJP candidate. Soon after, the riots broke out over a trivial issue. Outside forces, which included the Shahi Imam of Delhi’s Jama Masjid and some BJP leaders joined the fray. The worst sufferers of the riots were the Ansaris, Muslim weavers. Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons communal clashes occurred when the Dussera and Muharram coincided. The liquor traders from both communities looted and clashed with each other. The news of the transfer of the Hindu Police Commissioner due to pressure from the Muslim community spread like wild fire, and led to a worsening of the situation. The Hindu leaders used the opportunity to criticize the Islamic Muslims for opening an Islamic study centre in Baroda. 19 riots occurred in the city in a short span of 10 months. riots were sparked off by group rivalry between the Congress (I) MLA of Malur and the exCongress (I) MLA Casualties Dead 17 Injured 50 Inquiry Commission Result Remarks December 1982 Baroda, Gujarat After the 1969 communal riots, Baroda had witnessed a deliberate boycott of Muslim shops and establishments, which led to deterioration in the economic condition of the Muslims. There was also a rise of Islamic Fundamentalism and communal activities of the RSS and BJP. The illicit liquor trade was flourishing at that time in Baroda with a large number of shops selling local brands. Both Hindus and Muslims owned these shops. The constant competition among these shop owners often aggravated the situation. May 1983 Malur, Karnataka Three months before the riots a Harijan women was raped by three Muslim youths and it was the communal, rather than the criminal aspect of the problem, that received much importance. Soon, another incident of molestation of a Hindu girl by a Muslim boy took place. The RSS took full advantage of the situation, and instigated some militant Hindus to take revenge. Soon after, trouble erupted leading to large-scale damage to Muslim property. Communal disturbances in Malur were unknown before the advent of the RSS. Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons The bursting of crackers before the Jama Masjid to celebrate the victory of the Indian Cricket team in the World Cup led to communal riots Casualties Dead Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks June 1983 Malegaon, Maharashtra October 1983 Hazaribagh, Bihar procession led by Hindus turned violent after Muslims stopped it near the Jama Masjid trade rivalry between the Hindus and the Muslims is marked. The Muslim loom-owners sold only to Muslims, which affected the profits of Hindu traders. Cow slaughter is a sensitive issue, and Malegaon is the only district where 36 butchers had been convicted and imprisoned for three months for violating the Cow Slaughter Act. The situation worsened after the then Chief Minister, A.R.Antulay, floated the idea of constructing a martyr’s memorial to honour those who had lost their lives in the freedom struggle. The Malegaon authorities came up with names, all of which were Muslims. The Hindus objected to this on the grounds that these people had been involved in destroying temples. This issue had been responsible for escalating the tension in 1982. There was an agitation by the Muslims at that time also for dropping a chapter from the standard VIII history textbook where it was stated that the Prophet Mohammad fled to Mecca caused by negligence by the local authorities; while local political leaders persuaded the members of both the communities to start the Moharram procession and the Chaitra Ramnavmi procession to spread communal harmony, the actual intention of these leaders was to gain political advantage out of the situation. The Police inspite of being well aware of the situation did not take effective measures Year Location Communities/ Organizations involved/Reasons desecration of a mosque, followed by the call for a bandh by MIM (Muslim Itthadul Muslimeen) party. Casualties Dead 45 Injured 150 Inquiry Commission Result Remarks September 1983 Hyderabad May 1984 Bhiwandi, Maharashtra A Shivaji Jayanti 146 procession led to large scale communal violence; the ban on the Shivaji Jayanti procession after the 1970 riots was resented by the Shiv Sena. 611 October 1984 Delhi anti-Sikh riots broke out in Delhi and most parts of North India after the assassination of the then prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards 2733, mostly Sikhs Justice Jaggannath Misra Commission of Inquiry formed in 1985. In 1999, the Justice Nanavati Commission began its investigations. Jaggannath Misra Commission recommended that the Delhi administration investigate the conduct of the delinquent police The results of the Nanavati Inquiry Commission revealed that the police force played a vital role in instigating violence. The BJP, RSS, VHP and the MIM appeal to communal sentiments and raise communal tensions on the eve of elections and religious festivals. From 1979 to 1984 there have been constant communal clashes in the city. newspapers added further fuel to the communal violence by disclosing the identities of the victims. The Congress (I) and the TDP have formed electoral alliances with the MIM The Muslim population in Bhiwandi has increased considerably since 1970 and many of them set up their own powerloom industries, which was financed by Marwaris. Therefore, during the riots, the Marwari godowns were not destroyed in Muslim areas. The increase in the number of smugglers and underworld activities also led to communal tension. The number of Pakistani nationals staying illegally in the city was around one lakh according to the unofficial figures. The pattern of these riots showed that they were organized and planned against a particular community and the many senior Congress leaders were alleged to have participated in the anti-Sikh riots. The main accused in these riots were H.K.L.Bhagat, Sajjan Kumar and Jagdish Tytler. All these senior Congress leaders were exonerated till the CBI on July 11, 2003 filed an appeal against a lower court which acquitted Sajjan Kumar. Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons anti-reservation agitation Casualties Dead 300 Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks April 1985 Ahmedabad city court in April 1986 pronounced the death sentence on five Muslims charged with the killing of 8 persons during the riots. There is large-scale poverty among the Harijans and the Muslims who primarily live in the slums of Ahmedabad. Therefore the Muslims and Harijans did not respond to a bandh called to protest the reservation policy by the upper caste leaders. This eventually led to the burning down of their houses and destruction of their property. July 1986 Ahmedabad violence broke out during the historic Rath Yatra procession through the walled city areas. Disturbances started after the annual Rath Yatra of Lord Jagannath was subjected to a heavy stone throwing barrage in the sensitive Dariapur and Kalupur localities   Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons Casualties Dead 6, 75 Injured 40 Inquiry Commission Minority Commission headed by Shri N.C.Saxena Result Remarks April, May 1987 Meerut blamed the police for its biased attitude in its report and stated that the Hindu communal groups aggravated the situation. October 1989 Indore riots started after a Ramshila procession was stopped. After the Ramshila procession, a Muslim local leader with political ambitions took out a rally on the occasion of Milad-un Nabi, the Prophet’s day. The procession was passing through the streets of Indore when two explosions took place leading to confusion and then the riots broke out. 7 Hindus, 20 Muslims The PAC had killed a number of young men and thrown their bodies into a canal during these riots. The media however played a positive role in uncovering the communal role played by the PAC in killing innocent people. In April 1995 that the Mulayam Singh Government announced that the 19 guilty policemen would be prosecuted. The lower-middle class, the middle strata of the population had participated in large numbers in these riots, while large section of the Harijans attacked localities inhabited by the Muslims. In some areas the rioting was between the Harijans and Muslims. The mere presence of the PAC in Muslim majority mohallas created a feeling of insecurity among the Muslims, while Hindus wanted the deployment of PAC in their localities. There was a wave of communal violence that took place in Kota, Badaun, Bhagalpur, Ratlam, Mhow, Khargone, Khambat, Palanpur and several other places. result of communal politics played by the BJP, VHP and the RSS, and it is interesting that the v iolence occurred in Congress run states. The violence in Indore and other areas were the result of political rather than religious overtones. It was soon after this wave of violence started that elections were announced. Local factors also played a significant role in the emergence of violence. Muslims form 10% of the total population of Indore and are largely backward, both economically and socially, but the important fact is that the Hindus and the Muslims have different political loyalties which encouraged the BJP and the Congress leaders to exploit the situation to their benefit. Several Muslim families suffered from police excesses. Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons riots broke out on the occasion of Anant Chaturdashi when Hindus took out a procession. The procession was marked by the participation of a number of Akhadas which were a part of the VHP, RSS and the Shiv Sena. Despite warnings the administration did not make proper arrangements at the time of the procession. riots occurred during the Ram Navami procession Casualties Dead Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks September 1989 Kota, Rajasthan The Muslims in Kota are poor, except for the Bohra Muslims who are a business community. But a large number of Muslims from this area went to the Middle-East and became prosperous. Therefore the dependency relation between the Muslims and the Hindus was disrupted. Moreover, with the coming of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions, controlled by the CPI (M), there have been more strikes and militant trade union actions. Thus, the relations between the Hindus and the Muslims ceased to be cordial from the late 70s itself. The Muslims suffered the most in the riots and among them the Dawoodi Bohras were the worst victimized. 4 Hindus, 13 Muslims. Bhadrak had a population of 70,000 Muslims at the time of the riots and two Muslim Congress leaders were popular in that area. The economy of Bhadrak was under the control of Marwaris and Oriya Hindus. But economically there was no competition between the Hindus and the Muslims. The Marwaris employ some Muslims and there is a long standing dispute between the employers and the workers on the revision of pay scales. During these riots the Muslims looted the Marwari shops and burnt them. The Muslims who had earlier voted for the Congress in the 80s switched their loyalties to the Janata Dal. The BJP was also trying at this time to get a strong hold in Orissa. Therefore it decided to take out Ram Navami processions in many places in the state. They took out a procession at Bhadrak too and surprisingly the police allowed it to pass through a Muslim locality. March 1989 Bhadrak, Orissa The mobilization campaign for Kar Sevaks to construct the proposed Ram Janma Bhoomi Temple at Ayodhya on 30th October 1990 aggravated the communal atmosphere in the country. Communal riots occurred in the wake of L.K.Advani’s Rath Yatra wherever it went.. These riots were led by RSS-BJP men to consolidate the‘Hindu’ vote bank. They were widespread over almost all the states from Assam to West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Maharashtra and D elhi. Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons nearly 1400 communal incidents 120 riots Casualties Dead 224 38 Injured 775 170 Rioting, arson and looting was witnessed in Vyara and Bulsar towns of South Gujarat. The violence continued in Ahmedabad, Bapunagar, Baroda and Ankleshwar. 200 persons belonging to the minority community were detained under TADA, but among these there were no charges could be established against 178, nor any explosives or weapons recovered. 144 Inquiry Commission Result Remarks April to December 1990 January and April 1991 October 1990 Gujarat Gujarat Ahmedabad violence began soon after 41 the Rath Yatra was started from Somnath Rajasthan October 1990 October 1990 Jaipur Jodhpur, Rajasthan hate campaign organized 52 by the BJP since the Rath Yatra started from Somnath VHP, BJP and Bajrang 20 Dal called for a Jodhpur bandh to protest the arrest of L.K.Advani 100+ Uttar Pradesh >From the morning of the bandh, BJP leaders including MLAs terrorized a section of the people by using physical force and provocative slogans, which resulted in communal violence. The administration shielded the miscreants but adopted antiMuslim postures. Curfew was imposed in 49 districts Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons after the BJP chief started the Rath Yatra Casualties Dead 33 Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks October, 1990 Lucknow November 1990 Agra April-May 1990 Kanpur situation in the city was tense due to the Rath Yatra by L.K.Advani. The incident that led to riots was the stabbing of a scooter rider. 20 to 22 similar incidents occurred during the same time at different places. The city was a victim of communal riots thrice within a year. 31 mostly Muslims army had to be deployed. But despite its presence it became difficult to bring the situation under control and the riots became a regular feature for the next two months. The VHP leaders in the town were engaged in instigating communal sentiments. The city remained disturbed for nearly two months, despite the curfew imposed. 669 arrested. Communal violence resulted from a clash between mafia dons to establish a foothold in politics by communalizing incidents that resulted in violence. The city was tensed during this time due to the Rath Yatra organized by the BJP, RSS and VHP. Therefore communal riots could break out with slight provocation. But the riots that broke out in May were organized and planned. It started with the aggressive BJP stormtroopers taking out procession in Muslim dominated Lakkarmandi area and hurling abuses at the community. This was a followed by retaliation from few Muslims and four persons got killed. The next day disturbances began again due to a BJP meeting which was right in front of a thickly populated Muslim area. This led to communal riots and the police had no control over the mob. Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons began in Chandni Chowk area when L.K. Advani’s Rath Yatra was passing through Casualties Dead 100+ Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks October 1990 Delhi October 1990 Hailakandi, Assam October 1990 Beawar, Maharashtra Hindus demanded a government plot for the construction of a Kali Temple which for a very long time was commonly owned by all the communities and used for all public functions. The District Magistrate, Halakandi at that time was a Muslim and the BJP exploited this factor to its own benefit. VHP and BJP gave a call for Baewar bandh to protest against the arrest of L.K.Advani 30 to 40 people who were participants of the rally attacked the Deputy Imam of the Fatehpuri Masjid. As soon as the news of the attack on the Imam spread to the other parts riots broke out in Lal Kuan and Jama Masjid Chowk Communal tension began to rise as soon as VHP, RSS and BJP organized pujas to purify the bricks for Shilayas at Ayodhya. The continuous migration of people from Bangladesh also instigates violence between the two communities In an effort to close Jai Mandir Cinema hall, a skirmish erupted between students and its employees. The RSS and BJP gave this small incident a communal angle. The administration formed peace committees to maintain communal harmony. The peace committees had representatives of various political parties and religious organization. These were the very people who instigated communal violence. Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons RamjanmabhoomiMasjid controversy Casualties Dead Hindus, 896 Muslims Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks October 1989-90 Bhagalpur, Bihar Bhagalpur Communal Riots Inquiry Commission submitted its report after six years but the members was not unanimous in their findings of the riot. While two members of the commission blamed the BJP-VHP and the Muslim fundamentalists for the riots, the Chairman Commission held the Congress responsible. October 1990 November 1990 Patna Indore, Madhya Pradesh Rath Yatra organized by the BJP 18-100+ 7 Hindus, 6 Muslims 150 demand to set up an Inquiry Commission was rejected by the Chief Minister center for crime, and the politicization of crime. There are a large number of Muslims in and around Bhagalpur. Many Muslims are either weavers or in the powerloom business. Some Muslims are well-todo businessmen or property owners. The intelligence sources and the people were well aware of the likelihood of riots breaking out, but did not stop the Rath Yatra procession and allowed it to pass through a Muslim dominated area. There is intense rivalry between two factions of the Congress here, which is reflected through gang wars even before the riots. Gang rivalries emerged during the dispute between the Hindus and the Muslims in the celebration of their festivals. The Superintendent of Police played a blatant partisan role during the riots. Along with Bhagalpur city around 206 villages were affected. 3000 powerlooms were looted and burnt. 1100 Hindus and 900 Muslims arrested 7 houses and 5 shops burnt and 8 Mosques damaged; large scale damage to property. riots here continued for 5 d ays in which a Mosque was destroyed and a Temple desecrated. Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons Casualties Dead 60 Injured Inquiry Commission Interim Report an organization called the CFD 350 Result Remarks December 1990 Hassan, Mandya, Madikeri and Mysore, Karnataka Hyderabad Hyderabad the arrest of the BJP chief, L.K.Advani, in Bihar a fight between two gangs of land grabbers belonging to different communities; stabbing of a hawker boy blamed a local organization, the Hindu Yuva Sakti for the events leading to the riots After S.Banagarappa took over the Chief Ministership from Veerendra Patil, he formed a state level committee for bringing communal harmony BJP and RSS exploiting the Rath Yatra, Kar Seva and Ram Temple to ignite communal passions. The MIM too joined the fray. It was assumed that the killer must be Muslim, and soon 150 persons allegedly belonging to the Congress went on a stabbing spree. In this incident 20 Muslims were killed. The Majlis retaliated by killing migrant construction workers and each time a construction worker was killed, the BJP went on a procession with the body. This instigated further violence and the riots lasted for 10 days, The riots stopped after the resignation of the Chief Minister Chenna Reddy. a result of aggressive electioneering by the BJP; since the atmosphere was already tense this small incident was only an excuse to start the riots. The city once again witnessed communal frenzy on the occasion of Muharram. The frequent riots in the city are a result of communal politics. Moreover, the city is very congested with Hindus and the Muslims living almost in segregation. There is a high rate of unemployment, poverty and lack of education, which exacerbates the riots. October 1990 December 1990 April-July 1991 Baroda a boy was hit by an auto rickshaw   Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons Rioting began on Election Day when the Hindus allegedly prevented the Muslims from voting; In November the riots began with the Kali religious procession organized by Nav Sangh Club. Its members were divided into two groups, one of which was led by the BJP-VHP-RSS. When the procession entered a Muslim locality, slogans were shouted, and crackers were burst. Rumors spread that the idol was broken by the Muslims. Casualties Dead 50+ Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks MayNovember 1991 Benaras, UP In Benaras, a large number of Muslims are weavers and they suffered the most during the riots. The rioters were led by the PAC. Most of the Muslims are weavers though some have turned entrepreneurs and are prosperous. The present phase of riots in Benaras is also a result of the growing competition between the prosperous Muslim entrepreneurs and traditional Hindu traders. The police force in Benaras after the Ram Janmabhoomi episode was highly communalized. Between 1967 and 1991 Benaras witnessed 12 communal riots. In November 1991, Instead of the antisocial elements it was the police that looted and terrorized the Muslims. Communal riots erupted on the Election Day, because the BJP was upset that it would to lose the Meerut city seat. The Janata Dal candidate received the Muslim and Dalit votes while the BJP got the Hindu votes. There was thus a complete polarization of votes. The violence soon spread to 13 more villages in the area. May 1991 Baroda, UP 4 Hindus, 24 Muslims October 1992 Sitamarhi, Bihar a religious procession taken out by one community was stopped by another community Riots after the demolition of Babri Masjid Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons A bandh was called by a Muslim organization which did not have much of a following among the Muslims. The bandh was followed by the damaging of a dyeing mill and soon the situation deteriorated into a riot. Casualties Dead Less than 200, 95% Muslim Injured Surat has a considerable population of Muslims who are mainly into the trading business, and have a close business relationship with the Hindu traders which was the reason attributed for communal harmony in Surat. The unemployment level in the city was also low. But, from the late 80s, there was growing incidents of crime as migrant workers who are not rooted in its culture have settled in the city. The hate campaign by the RSS-BJP combine also added fuel to the situation. The Babri Masjid Action Committee and other Muslim leaders also played with the emotions of the Muslims. The atmosphere in Surat was tense and the Babri Masjid in cident provided the opportunity for organizations to start the riots. The manner in which large scale looting and burnings took place revealed that the riots were pre-planned. Inquiry Commission Result Remarks December 1992 Surat Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons the repeated showing of the debris of the Babri Masjid by BBC instigated more violence; a Muslim mob attacked a temple which added to the fury 1993 – the Shiv Sena seemed to have been preparing for these riots Casualties Dead 400+ and 600+ mostly due to police firing and mostly Muslims Injured Inquiry Commission Justice Srikrishna Commission Result Remarks December 1992, January 1993 Bombay blamed the Shiv Sena chief, Bal Thakeray and Sena activists for the riots. It blamed them for their ‘political role’ in fomenting communal frenzy and organizing attacks on Muslims. On the role of the Congress government in the State, the Commission observed that inefficient political leadership, vacillation for political reasons and conflicting orders issued to the Commissioner of Police resulted in a dilemma to shoot or not to shoot. 30,000 Muslims were displaced. On 9th December mobs of Hindu men entered Muslim homes, ransacked their belongings, often killing a family member. The main victims during these riots were the poor Muslims and also the middle-class Muslims of BHEL township of Bhopal. The state government was not able to provide the adequate security to the people and the police also played a vital role in aggravating the situation. December 1992 Bhopal 143, majority Muslims Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons A blast in the Hindu Munnani office in Madras Casualties Dead 4 Injured Inquiry CommissionResult Remarks March 1995 Madras April, 1995 Chitradurga, Karnataka Kerala April 1995 a quarrel between two groups of bus agents belonging to two different communities Riots broke out between Christians and Muslims. visit by members of the National Minorities Commission The bomb was planted by a Muslim youth who was also responsible for planting a bomb in the RSS office in August 1993 when 13 people were killed. The Munani was targeted because of a provocative speech delivered by its State President, Rama Gopalan. There was a powerful blast in Rameshwaram where a BJP activist was also stabbed to death; over the years, there has been an increase in the activities of the RSS-VHP. The Muslim population in the state is quite prosperous as compared to Muslims in other states but again with an increase in the flow of Middle East money there has also been an increase in the Muslim fundamentalist activities in many parts of the state. The state has become communally sensitive after the BJP expanded its political base here. It did not have a past history of communal riots A place of worship was damaged in the riots and fishing equipment worth several lakhs destroyed The Muslims alleged that the police were a silent spectator. One of the Samajwadi Party leade rs alleged that the violence was designed to punish the SP workers by the Mayawati government. Though the village Rajputs supported defusing the conflict, the attitude of the village head was instrumental in instigating the violence. June 1995 Rankhandi, UP Hindus objected to the construction of a mosque. After the Mosque was finally constructed, a crowd collected and destroyed it 1 in police firing   Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons four Muslims were killed in a quarrel over a boundary wall Communal clashes occurred on the occasion of Ganapati procession Casualties Dead 5 Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks July 1995 Palmau, Bihar September 1995 Madras and Hyderabad 2 in Hyderaba d 100+ January 1998 Kanpur an attack on the Imam of a mosque; the protests following it turned to clashes between Hindus and Muslims February 1998 Ajmer, Rajasthan alleged to have been started by some communal element among the shopkeepers outside the Dargah of Ajmer Sharif local police in the State are highly communalized and the corrupt state of affairs further aids in the occurrence of communal violence In Madras stones were pelted on Muslims who were offering prayers in a Mosque. It was alleged that the Hindu Munnani leaders had a hand in the clash. The riots in Hyderabad were more serious due to a past history of communal riots in the state. The police claimed that the clashes were an outcome of the Lok Sabha elections which were to take place. Kanpur has also been communally volatile in the past and in the recent years, with the organization of rallies and processions by the BJP the number of such incidents has increased further. The city has a large population of Muslims and the riot was. There are shops owned by the majority community outside the Dargah but houses are of the minority community, and miscreants set these shops and houses alight. A memorandum presented to the Prime Minister Inder Kumar Gujral alleged that the police entered the Dargah with their shoes on and lathi charged the people offering prayers and also fired in the air. Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons riots followed the blasts that killed 60 people it was alleged that the blasts were organized by the al-Ummah and alJihad organizations, aided and abetted by the ISI Casualties Dead Injured Inquiry Commission P.R.Gokulakri shna Commission of Inquiry Result Remarks February 1998 Coimbatore a definite lapse on the part of the police personnel, deputed for surveillan e and checks, who ought to have discharged their duties more rigorously, vigilantly and intelligently. May 1998 Moradabad, University Press Rioting broke out after an acid bottle was thrown on the ‘taziah’ procession allegedly by BJP supporters riots started when a Muslim mob coming out of a Mosque near the Charminar in the old city went berserk and attacked shops in the area. The trouble began after the circulation of an anonymously produced pamphlet lampooning the religious sentiments of Muslims June 1998 Hyderabad The target of the attack was allegedly L.K.Advani who was to address an election meeting in the city. The police arrested some 500 people in connection with these blasts. Coimbatore had witnessed communal riots in 1997 as well and the Hindu Munnani activists were alleged to have played a key role in those riots. While L.K.Advani escaped the attack, BJP got a lot of sympathy votes. Coimbatore has also been a center of Muslim fundamentalist activities and the BJP has been trying to expand its political base in the city. Around 80 people were arrested including several political leaders who tried to visit the riot affected areas. The Moradabad riots took a serious turn mainly due to the alleged involvement of the political parties. the army was alerted and the Union Home Ministry was urged to send the Para-military force. There were different reasons given for the occurrence of the riots but all pointed the responsibility of the different political parties. An ex-mayor of the city who w as accused of distributing these pamphlets surrendered, and there were five more arrests made in this connection. Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons the VHP and Bajrang Dal activists terrorized the Muslim community over some Muslim boys marrying tribal girls Casualties Dead 2 Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks July 1998 Bardoli and Sanjeli, Gujarat October 1998 Nalanda and clashes erupted over the Mungher, Bihar issue of immersion of the Durga idol in the Katrapar locality in Nalanda Ahwa and the BJP and Bajrang Dal Dang districts, attacked Christian Gujarat churches Suratkul, Karnataka Manoharpur, Orissa an eve-teasing incident involving a Muslim boy and a Hindu girl Graham Staines, an Australian-born Christian Missionary was burnt alive along with his two children by VHP activists led by Dara Singh The VHP consider the tribals as Hindus and held ‘dharma sabhas’ in these villages. After every such event, Muslim shops were looted and burnt. The police was asked to stay away and threatened with being transferred. Marriages between Hindu girls and Muslim boys are opposed by these organizations and Christians too have come under attack in many parts of Gujarat. Some 200 copies of the Bible were burnt by the Sangh Parivar activists claiming that they were a means to convert the people. The leaders of various political parties tried to gain political mileage out of the incident. In Munger, 27 people including three policemen were injured. Though a peace committee was constituted by the state home minister, the committee members traded charges and Christians were even accused by the members of being ‘naxalites’. The riots continued in January the following year and were encouraged by the Hindu Jagran Vedike After the Babri Masjid attack when the VHP and Bajran g Dal could not attract the support of the masses, they started following a new strategy by attacking churches. December 1998 January 1999   CM JH.Patel ordered an inquiry The Wadhwa Commission concluded that Dara Singh was responsible for the killings, but did not see the hand of any other communal organization. Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons riots broke out after two people were killed on the occasion of Mahavir Jayanti and Idul Fitr. Riots broke out again in July after an Indo-Pak cricket match Casualties Dead 1 Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks January-July 1999 Ahmedabad July 1999 Harda, MP September 1999 December 1999 Surat Auranagabad December 2000 Kolhapur, Karnataka a communal mob confronted the police and the Deputy Superintendent of police was killed. violence broke out during the Ganapati festival a procession of Muslims and the Samajwadi party members to mark the seventh anniversary of the demolition of Babri Masjid was lathi- charged by the police riots broke out when some people of the minority community did not close their shops after a bandh was called by the Shiv Sena over the killing of an Army Jawan in a bomb explosion in Kashmir – 29 – In the second incident, there was an organized attempt to distribute crackers among the youngsters. The cricket match incident was followed by the Kargil war, when demonstrations were held against Pakistan in which both Hindus and Muslims participated. However, in many demonstrations objectionable slogans were raised. Curfew was clamped in the area and the violence continued for a couple of days. About 90 persons were arrested in this connection. 27 government ordered a judicial enquiry The riots were a result of a dispute over the route to be taken by the procession The Shiv Sena had flooded the whole area with saffron flags just before the riots. Several journalists were injured in the police lathicharge. The police had also permitted the Shiv Sena to organize a religious ceremony just before the riots broke out. The shops which did not close were stoned by a 10,000 strong crowd. a few injured Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons after the Jama Masjid was gutted due to a short circuit Casualties Dead Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks January 2001 Kishtwar, Jammu March 2001 March, 2001 Nalanda, Bihar Kanpur two groups clashed on the occasion of Holi in Shambhu village the protest march taken out by the Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) over the burning of a copy of the Quran turned violent The state came under the spell of communal politics after the emergence of the Jamaat-i-Islami which began as a cultural organization. After it won 5 seats in the Assembly elections, it started showing its communal colors. There are many other communal organizations that have come up now in Kashmir and terrorist activities further encourage communal violence. Over the years the BJP has also gained some political mileage in the state. Superintendent of Police brought the situation under control The procession was fired upon by the PAC killing 12 persons, all young Muslim boys. The PAC was itself a party to the looting that followed. The SIMI has spread communal poison over the years and instigated the minds of Muslim youths through provocative posters. In spite of its controversial role the PAC is deployed as soon as a disturbance emerges. The procession was taken out to demand the arrest of people who were involved in the construction of a religious structure in a village near by. April 2001 Beawar, Rajasthan a VHP-BJP procession was stoned and miscreants threw bottles of acid on it Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons violence erupted after the murder of a youth belonging to the minority community following an incident of eve teasing Casualties Dead Injured Inquiry Commission ResultRemarks June 2001 Chamrajnagar, Mysore Jamner, Maharashtra June 2001 July 2001 Moradabad, UP a gang of miscreants attacked the houses of the minority community August 2001 August 2001 Amravani, Maharashtra Ahmedabad October 2001 Malegaon, Maharashtra Shiv Sainiks attacked Muslims who were taking their oxen for slaughter hawkers belonging to the minority community were beaten up in the Maninagar area. arrest of a Muslim youth distributing pamphlets outside a Mosque 2 1 in police firing 30 10, including 4 policemen several 12 persons were taken into custody after the riots. Arson and looting took place on a large scale but there was no loss of life. Many people came out into the streets carrying swords and began looting and burning property. The population of Muslims in this town happens to be quite substantial, whereas Sarpanch and the MLA both belonged to the BJP. Those involved in the looting and arson fled the town and were not arrested even several days after the incidents. no one was arrested. The police said that the motive behind the clashes could have been robbery. But, a deputation of the Jamait-ul-Ulema visited the village and refuted the police theory, because those killed were very poor and had hardly anything in their houses worth robbing. The police arrested 70 persons in this connection. Four Bajrang Dal activists were arrested for inciting violence. 13, including 3 in police firing Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons the burning at Godhra, of a coach of the Sabarmati express which was coming from Ayodhya, carrying kar sevaks Casualties Dead 2000+ Injured Inquiry Commission More than 30 reports have been prepared by various committees. On March 6, 2002, inquiry committee under Justice (Rtd.) KG Shah and Justice Nanavati established Result Remarks February, 2002 Ahmedabad, Gujarat Their common finding has been that it was a one-sided carnage and not a riot in the usual sense. The violence continued for about a month. The administration as well as the government did nothing to control the violence and right-wing organizations like the VHP and Bajrang Dal got full support in spreading violence. The Modi government benefited from all this as the BJP won the Assembly elections in December, 2002. February 2002 Kaithal, Haryana linked to the Gujarat violence March 2002 March 2002 Bhivani district, a mob of 300 persons Haryana were incited by rumors of cow slaughter Rajasthan violence occurred on the occasion of Muharram. The immediate reason for the violence was the organization of a yagna in a temple by the VHP, BJP and Bajrang Dal Mobs pulled down a Mosque and considerable damage was done to property. The police made feeble attempts to stop the mob, which later demolished the Macesoleum of Pir Nurani Badshah and extensively damaged three others. two mosques and 15 shops and houses belonging to the Muslims were attacked The population of the area comprises 25 percent Muslims and was once considered to be a stronghold of the SIMI. Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons riots began when some Muslim organizations led by the Muslim Vikas Parishad gave the call for a bandh to protest against a Christian Baptist priest in the US describing the Prophet as a terrorist Celebrations over India’s win against Pakistan in the World Cup turned violent Casualties Dead 9 Injured 115 Inquiry Commission Result Remarks October 2002 Sholapur, Maharashtra The protestors went in procession after prayers on Friday afternoon and threw stones at a Navratri pandal. The Hindus retaliated and riots broke out.. 500 arrested. March 2003 Gujarat 1 in Gujarat 9 several elsewhere several Similar incidents also took place in Vadodara, Gorakhpur, Gajrawadi, Kolkata and Bangalore Marad was a case of planned attack when some well armed men came and killed members of a particular community. May 2003 Marad, Kerala About the Author B Rajeshwari is a Research Scholar at the Center for Political Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. She is writing her MPhil dissertation titled â€Å"Power, Knowledge and Globalisation – A Case Study of TRIPS.† Her research interests include issues relating to Communal Violence, Governance and Development. Currently she is Research Assistant at the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies.